Contacts of the helix formed by residues 23 - 61 (chain Y) in PDB entry 2RAX
Residue contacts within the protein are
derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A.,
Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated
analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins.
Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A
short description of the analytical approach
is given at the end of the page.
Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue
codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify
and analyse, use LPC software
Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/- - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
* - indicates residues forming contacts by their side chain
(including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with SER 23 (chain Y).
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
19Y MET 4.5 14.2 + - - -
20Y LYS 3.2 16.6 + - - -
21Y LEU* 4.9 2.6 - - - +
22Y ALA* 1.3 75.9 - - - +
24Y PHE* 1.3 59.1 + - - +
25Y LEU 3.3 0.7 - - - -
26Y LYS* 3.6 17.2 - - - +
27Y ASP* 3.1 33.0 + - - +
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Residues in contact with PHE 24 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
21Y LEU* 3.9 28.6 - - + +
22Y ALA* 3.9 2.0 - - + +
23Y SER* 1.3 82.1 + - - +
25Y LEU* 1.3 78.4 + - + +
27Y ASP* 3.3 10.9 + - + +
28Y PHE* 3.3 25.2 + - + +
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Residues in contact with LEU 25 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
22Y ALA* 3.9 25.6 - - + +
23Y SER 3.3 0.2 - - - -
24Y PHE* 1.3 97.5 - - + +
26Y LYS* 1.3 60.8 + - - +
27Y ASP 3.0 0.2 - - - -
28Y PHE* 2.9 15.5 + - + +
29Y ASP* 2.8 31.2 + - - +
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Residues in contact with LYS 26 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
22Y ALA 4.3 2.4 + - - +
23Y SER* 3.5 24.2 + - - +
24Y PHE 3.4 0.6 - - - -
25Y LEU* 1.3 78.1 - - - +
27Y ASP* 1.3 60.8 + - - +
29Y ASP* 3.7 8.8 - - - +
30Y ARG* 3.4 18.9 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ASP 27 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
23Y SER* 3.1 18.4 + - - +
24Y PHE* 3.5 13.5 - - + +
25Y LEU 3.0 0.6 - - - -
26Y LYS* 1.3 75.2 - - - +
28Y PHE* 1.3 59.8 - - - +
30Y ARG* 3.2 9.8 - - - +
31Y GLU* 3.1 22.5 + - - +
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Residues in contact with PHE 28 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
24Y PHE* 3.3 15.8 + + + +
25Y LEU* 2.9 19.6 + - + +
27Y ASP* 1.3 76.9 - - - +
29Y ASP* 1.3 62.9 + - - +
30Y ARG 3.0 1.1 - - - -
31Y GLU* 3.1 29.1 + - - +
32Y VAL* 2.8 57.7 + - + +
35Y ARG* 5.3 5.2 - - - -
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Residues in contact with ASP 29 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
25Y LEU 2.8 19.2 + - - +
26Y LYS* 3.7 10.7 - - - +
28Y PHE* 1.3 75.5 - - - +
30Y ARG* 1.3 58.4 + - - +
32Y VAL* 3.6 10.5 - - - +
33Y GLU* 2.9 35.9 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ARG 30 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
26Y LYS 3.4 11.0 + - - +
27Y ASP* 3.2 15.4 + - - +
28Y PHE 3.0 0.8 - - - -
29Y ASP* 1.3 78.6 + - - +
31Y GLU* 1.3 70.7 + - - +
33Y GLU* 2.9 32.3 + - - +
34Y ILE* 2.9 46.2 + - - +
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Residues in contact with GLU 31 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
27Y ASP 3.1 9.5 + - - +
28Y PHE* 3.1 30.4 + - + +
30Y ARG* 1.3 75.9 - - - +
32Y VAL* 1.3 58.0 + - + +
34Y ILE* 2.6 38.9 + - - +
35Y ARG* 2.8 50.2 + - - +
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Residues in contact with VAL 32 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
28Y PHE* 2.8 54.3 + - + +
29Y ASP* 3.6 9.4 - - - +
31Y GLU* 1.3 74.0 - - + +
33Y GLU* 1.3 58.1 + - - +
35Y ARG* 3.2 10.1 + - + +
36Y ILE* 2.9 47.4 + - + +
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Residues in contact with GLU 33 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
29Y ASP* 2.9 24.6 + - - +
30Y ARG* 2.9 32.5 + - - +
31Y GLU 2.8 1.8 + - - -
32Y VAL* 1.3 76.8 - - - +
34Y ILE* 1.3 61.7 + - - +
36Y ILE* 3.3 7.7 + - + +
37Y LYS* 3.2 22.2 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ILE 34 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
30Y ARG* 2.9 48.5 + - - +
31Y GLU* 2.6 18.8 + - - +
33Y GLU* 1.3 72.2 - - - +
35Y ARG* 1.3 64.5 + - + +
37Y LYS* 3.4 8.4 + - - +
38Y GLN* 3.3 26.8 + - + +
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Residues in contact with ARG 35 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
28Y PHE* 5.3 5.9 - - - -
31Y GLU* 2.8 47.9 + - - +
32Y VAL* 3.6 11.6 - - + +
34Y ILE* 1.3 78.5 - - + +
36Y ILE* 1.3 66.8 + - + +
38Y GLN* 4.2 5.9 - - + +
39Y ILE* 3.6 27.9 + - + +
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Residues in contact with ILE 36 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
32Y VAL* 2.9 33.1 + - + +
33Y GLU* 3.6 9.2 - - - +
34Y ILE 3.2 0.2 - - - -
35Y ARG* 1.3 74.7 - - + +
37Y LYS* 1.3 71.5 + - - +
38Y GLN 2.6 4.5 + - - -
39Y ILE* 2.6 23.4 + - + -
40Y GLU* 3.0 28.2 + - + +
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Residues in contact with LYS 37 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
33Y GLU* 3.2 10.3 + - + +
34Y ILE* 3.6 11.0 - - - +
36Y ILE* 1.3 80.3 - - - +
38Y GLN* 1.3 59.1 + - - +
40Y GLU* 4.0 5.2 - - - +
41Y SER* 3.1 29.1 + - - -
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Residues in contact with GLN 38 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
34Y ILE* 3.3 16.4 + - + +
35Y ARG* 4.2 8.7 - - + +
36Y ILE 2.6 4.8 + - - -
37Y LYS* 1.3 77.1 - - - +
39Y ILE* 1.3 63.9 + - + +
41Y SER* 3.5 9.6 + - - -
42Y ASP* 3.3 36.9 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ILE 39 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
117X THR* 5.8 6.3 - - + -
35Y ARG* 3.6 17.5 - - + +
36Y ILE* 2.6 20.6 + - + +
38Y GLN* 1.3 69.9 - - + +
40Y GLU* 1.3 68.7 + - + +
41Y SER 3.0 1.6 - - - -
42Y ASP* 2.9 21.5 + - - +
43Y ARG* 2.9 20.3 + - + +
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Residues in contact with GLU 40 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
36Y ILE* 3.0 27.4 + - + +
37Y LYS* 4.2 4.9 - - - +
39Y ILE* 1.3 80.4 - - + +
41Y SER* 1.3 57.0 + - - +
43Y ARG* 2.7 39.4 + - - -
44Y GLN* 2.9 62.1 + - - +
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Residues in contact with SER 41 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
37Y LYS 3.1 20.7 + - - -
38Y GLN* 3.5 13.9 + - - -
39Y ILE 2.9 1.0 + - - -
40Y GLU* 1.3 74.3 - - - +
42Y ASP* 1.3 57.9 + - - +
44Y GLN* 3.2 5.0 + - - +
45Y ASN* 2.7 52.2 + - - -
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Residues in contact with ASP 42 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
38Y GLN* 3.3 23.4 + - - +
39Y ILE* 2.9 12.1 + - - +
41Y SER* 1.3 77.4 + - - +
43Y ARG* 1.3 65.4 + - - +
45Y ASN* 2.9 22.7 + - - +
46Y LEU* 2.9 16.4 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ARG 43 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
113X ILE* 4.7 8.6 + - + +
114X ALA* 4.1 28.1 + - - +
117X THR* 4.0 31.9 - - + +
118X ASN 5.8 0.4 - - - +
39Y ILE* 2.9 23.5 + - + +
40Y GLU* 2.7 27.8 + - - +
42Y ASP* 1.3 72.6 - - - +
44Y GLN* 1.3 76.5 + - - +
46Y LEU* 3.7 10.9 - - - +
47Y LEU* 3.2 39.1 + - + +
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Residues in contact with GLN 44 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
40Y GLU* 2.9 57.4 + - - +
41Y SER* 3.8 4.5 - - - +
43Y ARG* 1.3 97.8 - - - +
45Y ASN* 1.3 68.5 + - - +
46Y LEU 3.2 0.2 - - - -
47Y LEU* 3.2 19.5 + - - +
48Y LYS* 3.0 20.7 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ASN 45 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
41Y SER* 2.7 39.9 + - - +
42Y ASP* 3.4 9.5 + - - +
44Y GLN* 1.3 72.8 - - - +
46Y LEU* 1.3 57.9 + - - +
48Y LYS* 3.0 12.6 + - - +
49Y GLU* 2.9 39.0 + - - +
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Residues in contact with LEU 46 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
113X ILE* 3.8 40.4 - - + -
42Y ASP 2.9 14.8 + - - +
43Y ARG* 3.7 9.0 - - - +
45Y ASN* 1.3 75.3 - - - +
47Y LEU* 1.3 58.8 + - - +
49Y GLU* 3.0 19.2 + - + +
50Y VAL* 3.0 31.6 + - + +
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Residues in contact with LEU 47 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
110X LYS* 4.0 31.8 - - + +
113X ILE* 3.8 31.6 - - + -
114X ALA* 5.1 1.8 - - + +
43Y ARG* 3.2 34.8 - - + +
44Y GLN* 3.2 33.3 + - - +
46Y LEU* 1.3 76.0 - - - +
48Y LYS* 1.3 62.3 + - - +
50Y VAL* 3.3 8.1 + - - +
51Y ASP* 3.1 29.5 + - - +
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Residues in contact with LYS 48 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
44Y GLN 3.0 12.8 + - - +
45Y ASN* 3.0 15.5 + - - +
47Y LEU* 1.3 77.6 - - - +
49Y GLU* 1.3 57.1 + - + +
51Y ASP* 3.4 6.1 + - - +
52Y ASN* 3.0 37.8 + - - +
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Residues in contact with GLU 49 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
45Y ASN* 2.9 27.2 + - - +
46Y LEU* 3.0 22.7 + - + +
48Y LYS* 1.3 72.5 - - + +
50Y VAL* 1.3 61.1 + - + +
52Y ASN* 3.6 8.8 - - + +
53Y LEU* 2.9 32.6 + - - +
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Residues in contact with VAL 50 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
106X ARG* 3.8 15.0 - - + +
109X ALA* 4.0 14.8 - - + -
110X LYS* 3.7 24.5 - - + -
113X ILE* 4.7 19.1 - - + -
46Y LEU* 3.0 25.3 + - + +
47Y LEU* 3.6 8.3 - - - +
48Y LYS 3.2 0.2 - - - -
49Y GLU* 1.3 73.2 - - + +
51Y ASP* 1.3 69.9 + - - +
53Y LEU* 3.2 13.5 + - - +
54Y TYR* 3.2 31.8 + - + -
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Residues in contact with ASP 51 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
106X ARG* 3.6 26.6 + - - +
110X LYS* 3.1 35.6 + - - +
47Y LEU* 3.1 10.3 + - - +
48Y LYS* 3.6 9.3 - - - +
50Y VAL* 1.3 79.4 - - - +
52Y ASN* 1.3 65.5 + - - +
54Y TYR* 3.4 0.9 + - - +
55Y ASN* 2.9 38.6 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ASN 52 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
48Y LYS* 3.0 27.3 + - - +
49Y GLU* 3.6 9.7 - - + +
51Y ASP* 1.3 77.0 - - - +
53Y LEU* 1.3 63.0 + - - +
55Y ASN* 3.8 6.1 + - - +
56Y ILE* 3.0 32.7 + - + +
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Residues in contact with LEU 53 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
49Y GLU 2.9 21.6 + - - +
50Y VAL* 3.2 6.0 + - - +
52Y ASN* 1.3 75.1 - - - +
54Y TYR* 1.3 76.9 + - + +
56Y ILE* 3.3 7.8 + - + +
57Y GLU* 3.0 31.7 + - + +
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Residues in contact with TYR 54 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
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Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
102X LEU* 3.3 35.7 - - + -
105X ASP* 2.6 35.5 + - + -
106X ARG* 3.4 44.2 - - + +
109X ALA* 4.2 9.7 - - + +
50Y VAL* 3.2 27.8 + - + +
53Y LEU* 1.3 92.3 - - + +
55Y ASN* 1.3 54.8 + - - +
57Y GLU* 3.1 7.7 + - + +
58Y ILE* 2.7 44.8 + - + +
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Residues in contact with ASN 55 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
106X ARG* 3.3 32.0 + - - +
51Y ASP* 2.9 33.4 + - - +
52Y ASN* 3.8 6.5 + - - +
54Y TYR* 1.3 76.4 - - - +
56Y ILE* 1.3 58.2 + - + +
58Y ILE* 4.0 9.3 - - - +
59Y LEU* 3.0 32.8 + - - +
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Residues in contact with ILE 56 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
52Y ASN* 3.0 20.2 + - + +
53Y LEU* 3.5 12.3 - - + +
54Y TYR 3.2 0.2 - - - -
55Y ASN* 1.3 75.7 - - + +
57Y GLU* 1.3 63.7 + - - +
59Y LEU* 3.3 15.7 + - + +
60Y ARG* 2.9 64.8 + - + +
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Residues in contact with GLU 57 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
102X LEU* 4.5 13.6 - - + +
53Y LEU* 3.0 28.2 + - + +
54Y TYR* 3.1 9.6 + - + +
56Y ILE* 1.3 78.7 - - + +
58Y ILE* 1.3 61.8 + - - +
60Y ARG* 2.7 46.2 + - - +
61Y LEU* 3.4 26.7 + - - +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ILE 58 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
99X GLY* 4.6 9.9 - - - +
102X LEU* 3.6 25.8 - - + +
103X LYS* 3.8 41.5 - - + +
106X ARG* 4.6 1.6 - - - +
54Y TYR* 2.7 32.4 + - + +
55Y ASN* 4.0 16.4 - - - +
57Y GLU* 1.3 70.8 - - - +
59Y LEU* 1.3 66.4 + - + +
61Y LEU* 3.2 29.6 + - + +
66Y ARG* 5.0 8.4 - - - -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 59 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
55Y ASN 3.0 20.0 + - - +
56Y ILE* 3.7 16.6 - - + +
58Y ILE* 1.3 79.6 - - + +
60Y ARG* 1.3 61.9 + - - +
61Y LEU 3.1 7.6 + - - +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ARG 60 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
56Y ILE* 2.9 38.7 + - + +
57Y GLU* 2.7 42.7 + - - +
58Y ILE 3.2 0.2 - - - -
59Y LEU* 1.3 75.7 - - - +
61Y LEU* 1.3 63.2 + - + +
62Y PRO* 3.6 4.5 - - - +
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Residues in contact with LEU 61 (chain Y).
Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
Specific contacts
---------------------------
Residue Dist Surf HB Arom Phob DC
----------------------------------------------------------
98X LEU* 4.0 26.0 - - + -
99X GLY* 4.6 5.8 - - - -
102X LEU* 4.2 14.8 - - + -
57Y GLU* 3.4 23.6 - - - +
58Y ILE* 3.4 14.7 - - + +
59Y LEU 3.1 8.9 + - - +
60Y ARG* 1.3 80.3 - - + +
62Y PRO* 1.3 76.2 - - + +
63Y LYS 4.1 0.2 + - - -
65Y LEU* 4.4 15.9 - - + -
66Y ARG* 3.7 36.2 - - + +
73Y TYR* 5.2 3.4 - - - +
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A short description of the
analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page
is based upon the approach
developed in:
Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G.
and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996)
25, 120-129.
Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic
properties of the contacting atoms. In order to
define it, for each inter-atomic contact,
eight atom classes have been introduced:
I Hydrophilic - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
(e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
II Acceptor - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
III Donor - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
IV Hydrophobic - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
a N or O atom
V Aromatic - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other
bonds formed by the atom
VI Neutral - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
VII Neutral-donor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
atom of class III
VIII Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only
one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy
is shown below:
Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
Atomic class I II III IV V VI VII VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
I (Hydrophilic) + + + - + + + +
II (Acceptor) + - + - + + + -
III (Donor) + + - - + + - +
IV (Hydrophobic) - - - + + + + +
V (Aromatic) + + + + + + + +
VI (Neutral) + + + + + + + +
VII (Neutral-donor) + + - + + + - +
VIII (Neutral-acceptor) + - + + + + + -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically
assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in
three cases (see below) the automatic assignment
is currently ambiguous. In these
cases, the user is advised to manually analyse
the full list of contacts using
LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are
considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
"hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
"carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).
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