Contacts of the helix formed by residues 116 - 138 (chain A) in PDB entry 4O46


Residue contacts within the protein are derived with the CSU software (Sobolev V., Sorokine A., Prilusky J., Abola E.E. and Edelman M. (1999) Automated analysis of interatomic contacts in proteins. Bioinformatics, 15, 327-332). A short description of the analytical approach is given at the end of the page.
For CSU analysis of other PDB entry

Note:
Non-standard 3 letter residue codes indicate a heterogroup. To identify and analyse, use LPC software

Legend:
Dist - nearest distance (Å) between atoms of two residues
Surf - contact surface area (Å2) between two residues
HB   - hydrophilic-hydrophilic contact (hydrogen bond)
Arom - aromatic-aromatic contact
Phob - hydrophobic-hydrophobic contact
DC   - hydrophobic-hydrophilic contact (destabilizing contact)
+/-  - indicates presence/absence of a specific contacts
*    - indicates residues forming contacts  by their side chain
       (including CA atoms)
Residues in contact with GLN 116 (chain A).
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     36A  PRO*     4.7    18.7    -      -       -      +
    111A  ASN      3.6     6.2    -      -       -      +
    112A  CYS*     3.5     9.8    -      -       -      +
    113A  SER*     2.7    54.3    +      -       -      +
    114A  GLU      4.8     0.2    -      -       -      -
    115A  THR*     1.4    72.7    -      -       -      +
    117A  TYR*     1.3    62.6    +      -       -      +
    118A  GLU      3.5     2.2    -      -       -      -
    119A  SER*     3.7    16.8    +      -       -      +
    120A  LYS*     3.2    23.7    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TYR 117 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    114A  GLU*     3.1    27.2    +      -       -      +
    115A  THR*     3.0    34.6    +      -       +      +
    116A  GLN*     1.3    68.3    -      -       -      +
    118A  GLU*     1.4    64.8    +      -       +      +
    120A  LYS*     3.3     7.4    +      -       +      +
    121A  VAL*     3.0    30.0    +      -       -      +
    160A  ILE*     4.0    13.5    -      -       +      -
    164A  HIS*     3.3    68.2    +      +       +      +
    165A  MET*     5.0     6.7    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 118 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     39A  ASN*     4.5    12.3    +      -       -      +
     42A  ARG*     4.4    11.9    +      -       -      +
    116A  GLN      3.5     0.4    -      -       -      -
    117A  TYR*     1.4    76.8    -      -       +      +
    119A  SER*     1.4    57.5    +      -       -      +
    121A  VAL*     3.4     2.3    +      -       -      +
    122A  PHE*     2.9    30.5    +      -       -      +
    165A  MET*     3.8    29.4    -      -       +      -
    169A  HIS*     3.4    25.3    +      -       +      +
    171A  ILE*     3.8    17.9    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with SER 119 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     37A  LEU      4.8     5.7    +      -       -      -
     42A  ARG*     3.4    24.4    +      -       -      +
    112A  CYS*     3.7    18.2    -      -       -      -
    116A  GLN*     3.7    17.6    +      -       -      +
    117A  TYR      3.4     0.2    -      -       -      -
    118A  GLU*     1.4    73.1    -      -       -      +
    120A  LYS*     1.4    60.0    +      -       -      +
    122A  PHE*     3.2     7.6    +      -       -      +
    123A  TYR*     2.9    48.9    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 120 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    109A  ILE*     5.0    12.2    -      -       +      +
    112A  CYS*     3.8    20.5    -      -       +      -
    113A  SER      5.7     0.7    -      -       -      +
    116A  GLN      3.2    15.6    +      -       -      +
    117A  TYR*     3.6     8.3    -      -       +      +
    119A  SER*     1.4    77.8    -      -       -      +
    121A  VAL*     1.4    55.9    +      -       -      +
    123A  TYR*     4.0     2.4    -      -       -      +
    124A  LEU*     3.0    43.6    +      -       +      +
    156A  GLU*     5.5     1.8    -      -       -      +
    160A  ILE*     4.0    24.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 121 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    117A  TYR      3.0    20.5    +      -       -      +
    118A  GLU      3.9     2.9    -      -       -      +
    120A  LYS*     1.4    70.2    -      -       -      +
    122A  PHE*     1.4    57.7    +      -       -      +
    124A  LEU*     3.3     1.4    +      -       -      +
    125A  LYS*     2.8    36.7    +      -       -      +
    157A  ALA*     3.7    31.5    -      -       +      +
    160A  ILE*     3.7    22.0    -      -       +      -
    161A  SER*     3.8    13.7    -      -       -      +
    165A  MET*     3.8    14.6    -      -       -      -
    171A  ILE*     3.8    17.9    -      -       +      +
    175A  LEU*     3.9    21.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with PHE 122 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     42A  ARG*     3.4    62.8    -      -       +      +
     43A  ASN*     4.1    20.9    -      -       -      -
     46A  SER*     3.8    22.4    -      -       -      -
    118A  GLU      2.9    17.9    +      -       -      +
    119A  SER      3.2     4.5    +      -       -      +
    121A  VAL*     1.4    75.7    -      -       -      +
    123A  TYR*     1.4    63.1    +      +       -      +
    125A  LYS*     3.5    13.9    +      -       +      +
    126A  MET*     3.0    44.9    +      -       +      +
    171A  ILE*     4.0    22.1    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TYR 123 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     37A  LEU*     3.6    19.2    +      -       -      +
     42A  ARG*     3.4    34.7    -      -       +      +
     45A  LEU*     4.8     5.2    -      -       +      -
    104A  LEU*     3.6    24.1    -      -       +      +
    108A  LEU*     3.5    51.4    -      -       +      +
    109A  ILE*     3.6    20.6    -      -       +      +
    112A  CYS*     3.7    21.8    -      -       -      -
    119A  SER*     2.9    34.9    +      -       -      +
    120A  LYS*     4.2     1.6    -      -       -      +
    122A  PHE*     1.4    76.6    -      +       -      +
    124A  LEU*     1.4    61.8    +      -       -      +
    126A  MET*     3.2     6.4    +      -       -      +
    127A  LYS*     2.9    27.4    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 124 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    109A  ILE*     4.2    27.1    -      -       +      -
    120A  LYS*     3.0    27.2    +      -       +      +
    123A  TYR*     1.4    71.7    -      -       -      +
    125A  LYS*     1.4    60.2    +      -       -      +
    127A  LYS*     3.3    14.6    +      -       +      +
    128A  GLY*     2.9    23.6    +      -       -      -
    153A  ALA*     3.5    27.3    -      -       -      +
    156A  GLU*     3.6    43.7    -      -       +      +
    157A  ALA*     3.6    19.7    -      -       +      +
    160A  ILE*     3.7    20.2    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 125 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    121A  VAL*     2.8    19.2    +      -       +      +
    122A  PHE*     3.5    13.8    -      -       +      +
    124A  LEU*     1.4    75.2    -      -       -      +
    126A  MET*     1.4    54.7    +      -       -      +
    128A  GLY*     3.2     2.9    +      -       -      -
    129A  ASP*     2.9    58.9    +      -       -      +
    154A  TYR*     3.6     9.4    -      -       +      -
    157A  ALA*     4.1     0.8    -      -       -      +
    171A  ILE*     4.8     7.2    -      -       +      +
    174A  GLY*     3.8    16.6    -      -       -      -
    175A  LEU*     3.9    43.1    -      -       +      +
    178A  ASN*     3.5    19.2    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with MET 126 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     45A  LEU*     4.5    18.4    -      -       +      +
     46A  SER*     4.2    27.4    -      -       -      +
     49A  TYR*     5.2     1.6    -      -       +      -
    100A  VAL*     3.7    27.4    -      -       +      -
    104A  LEU*     3.9    19.5    -      -       +      -
    122A  PHE*     3.0    42.2    +      -       +      +
    123A  TYR*     3.2    12.8    +      -       -      +
    125A  LYS*     1.4    74.6    -      -       -      +
    127A  LYS*     1.4    59.3    +      -       -      +
    129A  ASP*     3.1    11.9    +      -       -      +
    130A  TYR*     2.9    53.0    +      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LYS 127 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    101A  LEU*     3.7    21.2    -      -       +      +
    104A  LEU*     3.7     6.7    -      -       +      +
    105A  ASP*     2.7    38.3    +      -       -      +
    109A  ILE*     3.8    15.5    -      -       +      +
    123A  TYR      2.9    13.6    +      -       -      +
    124A  LEU*     3.3    19.1    +      -       +      +
    126A  MET*     1.4    74.7    -      -       -      +
    128A  GLY*     1.3    61.3    +      -       -      +
    130A  TYR      3.6     0.2    +      -       -      -
    131A  TYR*     3.2    48.5    +      -       +      -
    149A  SER      5.4     1.8    -      -       -      -
    153A  ALA*     3.8    17.0    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLY 128 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    124A  LEU      2.9    11.2    +      -       -      -
    125A  LYS      3.2     4.0    +      -       -      -
    127A  LYS*     1.3    77.0    -      -       -      +
    129A  ASP*     1.4    53.9    +      -       -      +
    131A  TYR      3.5     0.2    +      -       -      -
    132A  ARG*     3.0    17.3    +      -       -      +
    150A  SER*     2.8    29.3    +      -       -      -
    153A  ALA*     3.5    15.0    -      -       -      +
    154A  TYR*     3.3    20.2    -      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ASP 129 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    125A  LYS*     2.9    43.0    +      -       -      +
    126A  MET*     3.1    13.0    +      -       -      +
    128A  GLY*     1.4    75.0    -      -       -      +
    130A  TYR*     1.3    61.0    +      -       +      +
    132A  ARG*     3.1    10.3    +      -       -      +
    133A  TYR*     2.9    51.2    +      -       +      +
    154A  TYR*     2.7    26.2    +      -       -      -
    178A  ASN*     2.8    26.3    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TYR 130 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     46A  SER*     4.1     4.0    +      -       -      -
     49A  TYR*     3.3     8.8    -      -       -      +
     50A  LYS*     3.2    32.9    +      -       +      +
     53A  VAL*     3.7    22.7    -      -       +      -
     97A  CYS*     3.7    21.0    -      -       +      +
    100A  VAL*     3.7    36.6    -      -       +      -
    101A  LEU*     4.1    23.8    -      -       +      -
    104A  LEU*     5.0     0.2    -      -       +      -
    126A  MET*     2.9    56.3    +      -       +      +
    129A  ASP*     1.3    74.1    -      -       +      +
    131A  TYR*     1.4    60.7    +      -       -      +
    133A  TYR*     3.4    20.4    +      +       -      -
    134A  LEU*     3.1    30.9    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TYR 131 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     98A  GLN*     5.3     3.7    +      -       -      -
    101A  LEU*     3.6    31.5    -      -       +      +
    105A  ASP*     4.6     8.3    +      -       -      -
    127A  LYS*     3.2    48.5    +      -       +      +
    130A  TYR*     1.4    73.2    -      -       -      +
    132A  ARG*     1.4    60.0    +      -       -      +
    134A  LEU*     3.3    21.1    +      -       +      +
    135A  ALA*     2.9    26.3    +      -       -      +
    146A  VAL*     3.6    31.3    -      -       +      +
    149A  SER*     3.6    36.2    +      -       -      -
    150A  SER*     3.7    12.1    -      -       -      -
    106B  ASN*     3.4    29.9    +      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ARG 132 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     57A  ARG*     4.4     4.6    -      -       -      +
    128A  GLY      3.0    13.7    +      -       -      +
    129A  ASP*     3.1    28.9    +      -       -      +
    131A  TYR*     1.4    74.7    -      -       -      +
    133A  TYR*     1.4    81.2    +      -       -      +
    135A  ALA*     3.1     9.4    +      -       -      +
    136A  GLU*     3.0    48.1    +      -       -      +
    150A  SER*     3.8     9.2    +      -       -      +
    154A  TYR*     2.9    18.9    +      -       -      -
    178A  ASN*     3.4    21.4    +      -       -      +
    181A  VAL*     3.8    22.2    -      -       -      +
    182A  PHE*     3.8    30.5    -      -       +      +
    185A  GLU*     5.1     1.4    +      -       -      -
    186A  ILE*     3.7    18.8    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with TYR 133 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     50A  LYS*     3.3    25.7    -      -       -      +
     53A  VAL*     4.0    18.2    -      -       +      -
     57A  ARG*     3.4    48.3    +      -       -      +
     93A  LEU*     3.8    17.1    -      -       +      +
     97A  CYS*     4.0     9.4    -      -       -      -
    129A  ASP*     2.9    40.3    +      -       +      +
    130A  TYR*     3.7    41.0    -      +       -      +
    131A  TYR      3.4     0.4    -      -       -      -
    132A  ARG*     1.4    97.1    +      -       -      +
    134A  LEU*     1.3    61.8    +      -       -      +
    136A  GLU*     3.5    24.6    -      -       -      +
    137A  VAL*     3.9     4.2    +      -       -      +
    178A  ASN*     4.9     1.9    +      -       -      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with LEU 134 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     93A  LEU*     4.9     0.9    -      -       +      -
     94A  GLU*     3.7    36.4    -      -       +      +
     97A  CYS*     3.7    21.5    -      -       +      -
     98A  GLN*     4.0    17.5    -      -       -      +
    101A  LEU*     3.8    14.8    -      -       +      -
    130A  TYR      3.1    15.3    +      -       -      +
    131A  TYR*     3.4    32.8    -      -       +      +
    132A  ARG      3.2     0.2    -      -       -      -
    133A  TYR*     1.3    74.1    -      -       -      +
    135A  ALA*     1.4    62.4    +      -       -      +
    137A  VAL*     3.3    10.0    +      -       -      +
    138A  ALA*     3.1    22.7    +      -       -      +
    142A  LYS*     5.9     2.1    -      -       -      -
    146A  VAL*     3.9    19.5    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 135 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
    131A  TYR      2.9    13.6    +      -       -      +
    132A  ARG*     3.1    13.2    +      -       -      +
    134A  LEU*     1.4    72.3    -      -       -      +
    136A  GLU*     1.4    65.2    +      -       -      +
    137A  VAL      3.1     1.6    +      -       -      -
    138A  ALA*     3.2    18.6    +      -       -      +
    143A  ARG*     3.7    12.8    +      -       +      +
    146A  VAL*     3.7    12.7    -      -       +      +
    147A  VAL*     3.8    28.9    -      -       +      +
    186A  ILE*     4.0    17.3    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with GLU 136 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     57A  ARG*     3.1    44.6    +      -       -      +
     60A  TRP*     3.5    21.4    -      -       +      -
     61A  ARG*     4.6     5.4    +      -       -      -
    132A  ARG*     3.0    33.0    +      -       -      +
    133A  TYR*     3.5    14.4    -      -       -      +
    134A  LEU      3.3     0.4    -      -       -      -
    135A  ALA*     1.4    75.9    -      -       -      +
    137A  VAL*     1.3    60.9    +      -       +      +
    138A  ALA      5.0     0.5    -      -       -      +
    185A  GLU*     4.3    12.1    -      -       -      +
    186A  ILE*     3.9    17.7    -      -       +      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with VAL 137 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     60A  TRP*     3.5    44.4    -      -       +      +
     90A  GLU*     3.7    31.3    -      -       +      +
     93A  LEU*     4.3    26.7    -      -       +      -
     94A  GLU*     3.8    23.9    -      -       +      +
    133A  TYR      4.2     9.9    -      -       -      +
    134A  LEU      3.3    13.4    +      -       -      +
    136A  GLU*     1.3    78.8    -      -       +      +
    138A  ALA*     1.3    64.1    +      -       -      +
    139A  THR*     4.1     6.1    +      -       -      +
----------------------------------------------------------
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Residues in contact with ALA 138 (chain A). Click here for Legend to table.
----------------------------------------------------------
                                  Specific contacts
                               ---------------------------
     Residue       Dist    Surf   HB    Arom    Phob    DC
----------------------------------------------------------
     94A  GLU*     5.4     0.2    -      -       -      -
    134A  LEU      3.1    17.7    +      -       -      +
    135A  ALA      3.2     6.3    +      -       -      +
    136A  GLU      4.9     0.7    -      -       -      +
    137A  VAL*     1.3    81.3    -      -       +      +
    139A  THR*     1.3    66.0    +      -       -      +
    142A  LYS*     4.2    22.4    -      -       +      +
    143A  ARG*     3.4    43.4    +      -       +      +
    146A  VAL*     4.2     7.0    -      -       +      -
----------------------------------------------------------
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A short description of the analytical approach
The contact analysis used in this page is based upon the approach developed in: Sobolev V., Wade R.C., Vriend G. and Edelman M. PROTEINS (1996) 25, 120-129. Contact legitimacy depends on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties of the contacting atoms. In order to define it, for each inter-atomic contact, eight atom classes have been introduced:


   I  Hydrophilic      - N and O that can donate and accept hydrogen bonds
                         (e.g., oxygen of hydroxyl group of Ser. or Thr)
  II  Acceptor         - N or O that can only accept a hydrogen bond
 III  Donor            - N that can only donate a hydrogen bond
  IV  Hydrophobic      - Cl, Br, I and all C atoms that are not in
                         aromatic rings and do not have a covalent bond to
                         a N or O atom
   V  Aromatic         - C in aromatic rings irrespective of any other 
                         bonds formed by the atom
  VI  Neutral          - C atoms that have a covalent bond to at least one
                         atom of class I or two or more atoms from class II
                         or III; atoms; S, F, P, and metal atoms in all cases
 VII  Neutral-donor    - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only one
                         atom of class III
VIII  Neutral-acceptor - C atoms that have a covalent bond with only 
                         one atom of class II
For each pair of contacts the state of legitimacy is shown below:

Legend:
+, legitimate
-, illegitimate
------------------------------------------------------------
  Atomic class           I  II  III   IV   V   VI  VII  VIII
------------------------------------------------------------
   I  (Hydrophilic)      +   +    +    -   +   +    +    +
  II  (Acceptor)         +   -    +    -   +   +    +    -
 III  (Donor)            +   +    -    -   +   +    -    +
  IV  (Hydrophobic)      -   -    -    +   +   +    +    +
   V  (Aromatic)         +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
  VI  (Neutral)          +   +    +    +   +   +    +    +
 VII  (Neutral-donor)    +   +    -    +   +   +    -    +
VIII  (Neutral-acceptor) +   -    +    +   +   +    +    -
------------------------------------------------------------
Warning!
Atom classes for heterogroups are automatically assigned based on the atomic coordinates. However, in three cases (see below) the automatic assignment is currently ambiguous. In these cases, the user is advised to manually analyse the full list of contacts using LPC software.
1. Carbon atoms belonging to a 4-, 5- or 6-member ring are 
   considered "aromatic" (Class V) if the ring is approximately
   planar, and "hydrophobic" (Class IV) or "neutral" (Classes
   VI, VII, VIII) if the ring is non-planar.
2. The oxygen atom of a carbonyl or hydroxy group is considered
   "hydroxy" (Class I) if the CO bond is longer than 1.29 Å, and
   "carbonyl" (Class II) if shorter.
3. All nitrogen atoms are considered "hydrophilic" (Class I).

Please E-mail any questions and/or suggestions concerning this page to Vladimir.Sobolev@weizmann.ac.il